The case studies discussed in this paper play an important part in revealing the true extent of informality’s entanglement with globalisation. As we have seen, local practices of corruption and elite contestation are played out across global networks. Tax havens, shell companies, and international financial institutions all play a part in the practices that lie at the centre of so many of the political and economic problems that face the region.

 

Since the release of the Panama Papers exposed the urgency of this problem, global powers have begun to take notice and introduce specific policies to counter it. New legislation and enforcement guidelines have begun to restrict the ability of elites, such as those in Central Asia, to use transnational networks to aid corruption and the illicit seizure of wealth. Of course, much remains to be done, however we recommend you turn your attention to several examples of some of the solutions that have been attempted (reachable via hyperlinks in the below images).

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